Examples of Weak Ligands
Weak Ligands
- I−
- Br−
- S2−
- Cl−
- N3−
- F−, etc
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
Examples of Strong Ligands
Strong ligands
- NO2−
- PPh3
- CN−
- CO, etc
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
Some Common Ligands with their name, formula and charge
| Actual Name (Symbol used) | Formula | Charge | Donor Atom(s) | Name given in the complex |
| Negative ligands
Cyanide ion Halide ion peroxide ion sulphide ion |
CN–
X(F– , Cl– ,Br– I–) O22- S2- |
-1
-1 -2 -2 |
C
X O S |
cyano or cyanide
fluoride/chloride/bromide/iodide peroxo sulphido |
| Positive ligands
Hydrazinium ion Nitrosonium ion Nitronium ion |
NH3+
NO+ NO2+ |
+1
+1 +1 |
N
N N |
hydrazinium
nitrosonium nitronium |
| Neutral ligands
Methylamine Ammonia Water |
CH2NH2
NH3 H2O |
Zero
Zero Zero |
N
N O |
methylamine
ammine aqua or aquo |
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
Some common examples bridging ligands are given below
| Bridging ligand | Name |
| OH– | Hydroxide |
| N3– | Nitride |
| CO | Carbonyl |
| Cl– | Chloride |
| NH2– | Amido |
| H– | Hydride |
| O2 | Oxide |
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
The ligands that have one lone pair for coordination and bear no charge and are known to be neutral, Some examples are mentioned below:
| Symbol | Name |
| (C6H5)3P | Triphenylphosphine |
| C2H4 | ethylene |
| NH2OH | hydroxylamine |
| N2 | dinitrogen |
| O2 | dioxygen |
| C2H5N | Pyridine (py) |
| CO | carbonyl |
| C2H5N | Ammine |
| NS | Thionitrosyl |
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
The monodentate ligands that bear negative charges are negative ligands examples are
| Symbol | Name |
| F– | fluoro |
| I– | Iodo |
| CH3COO– | acetato |
| SO42- | sulphato |
| N3– | nitrido |
| H– | hydrido |
| CN– | cyano |
| NH2– | amide |
| O2– | oxo |
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
Geometry of Molecules Based on Coordination Number
| Coordination Number | Geometric Structure |
| 2 | Linear |
| 3 | Trigonal planar, T-shaped, or trigonal pyramidal |
| 4 | Square planar or tetrahedral |
| 5 | Trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramid structures |
| 6 | Trigonal prism structure, hexagonal planar, or octahedral |
| 7 | Pentagonal bipyramidal, capped octahedron, or a capped trigonal prism structure. |
| 8 | Cubic, hexagonal bipyramidal, square antiprism, or dodecahedron |
| 9 | Three-face centered trigonal prism |
| 10 | A bicapped square antiprism structure |
| 11 | All faced capped trigonal prism structure |
| 12 | Cuboctahedron structure |
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
Here is some information about polymers, elastomers and hydrogels
Q: What is an elastomer?
A: A polymer with elastic properties, meaning it can return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed.
Q: What is a common example of an elastomer?
A: Natural rubber.
Q: What is a hydrogel?
A: A polymer network that can absorb and retain large amounts of water.
Q: What is an example of a hydrogel?
A: Sodium polyacrylate, which is used in diapers.
Q: What is a dendrimer?
A: A highly branched, tree-like polymer with a well-defined structure.
Q: What is a tacticity?
A: Tacticity refers to the arrangement of chiral centers in a polymer chain, specifically the relative configuration of side groups.
Q: What are the three types of tacticity?
A: Isotactic, syndiotactic, and atactic.
Q: What is an isotactic polymer?
A: A polymer in which all the side groups have the same stereochemistry (e.g., all on the same side of the polymer backbone).
Q: What is a syndiotactic polymer?
A: A polymer in which the side groups have an alternating stereochemistry along the polymer backbone.
Q: What is an atactic polymer?
A: A polymer in which the side groups have a random stereochemistry along the polymer backbone.
Q: What is a biodegradable polymer?
A: A polymer that can be broken down into smaller molecules by biological processes, such as by microorganisms.
Q: What is an example of a biodegradable polymer?
A: Polylactic acid (PLA).
Q: What is a polymer’s molecular weight?
A: The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a polymer molecule.
Q: What is the significance of a polymer’s molecular weight distribution?
A: The molecular weight distribution affects the properties of a polymer, such as its mechanical strength, processability, and crystallinity.
Q: What is the process of breaking down a polymer into its monomers called?
A: Depolymerization.
Q: What is a polymer’s molar mass?
A: The mass of one mole of polymer molecules, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
Q: What is a common method for determining the molecular weight of a polymer?
A: Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC).
Q: What is the role of a catalyst in polymerization reactions?
A: A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction, increasing the rate of polymerization.
Q: What is an example of a catalyst used in the polymerization of ethylene?
A: Ziegler-Natta catalyst.
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
Here is some information about polymers
Q: What is a polymer?
A: A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeating smaller units called monomers.
Q: What are the two main categories of polymers?
A: Natural polymers and synthetic polymers.
Q: What is a common natural polymer?
A: Cellulose.
Q: What is a common synthetic polymer?
A: Polyethylene.
Q: What is the process of forming polymers from monomers called?
A: Polymerization.
Q: What are the two primary types of polymerization?
A: Addition (chain-growth) polymerization and condensation (step-growth) polymerization.
Q: What is the term for the number of monomer units in a polymer chain?
A: Degree of polymerization.
Q: What is the difference between a homopolymer and a copolymer?
A: A homopolymer consists of a single type of monomer, while a copolymer consists of two or more different types of monomers.
Q: What is a thermoplastic polymer?
A: A thermoplastic polymer is a polymer that can be melted and reprocessed multiple times without significant degradation.
Q: What is a thermosetting polymer?
A: A thermosetting polymer is a polymer that, once cured or hardened, cannot be re-melted or reprocessed.
Q: What is a common thermoplastic polymer?
A: Polypropylene (PP).
Q: What is a common thermosetting polymer?
A: Epoxy resin.
Q: What is a cross-linked polymer?
A: A polymer with covalent bonds connecting the polymer chains, resulting in a network structure.
Q: What is a common example of a cross-linked polymer?
A: Vulcanized rubber.
Q: What is a polymer’s glass transition temperature (Tg)?
A: The temperature at which a polymer transitions from a glassy, rigid state to a rubbery, more flexible state.
Q: What is a polymer’s melting temperature (Tm)?
A: The temperature at which a crystalline or semi-crystalline polymer transitions from a solid state to a molten, liquid state.
Q: What is a branched polymer?
A: A polymer with side chains extending from the main polymer backbone.
Q: What is a linear polymer?
A: A polymer with a single, unbranched chain of monomers.
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed
Here is a table showing some common old chemical names, their modern equivalents, and their chemical formulas:
| Old Name | Modern Name | Chemical Formula | ||||
| Aqua fortis | Nitric acid | HNO3 | ||||
| Oil of vitriol | Sulfuric acid | H2SO4 | ||||
| Muriatic acid | Hydrochloric acid | HCl | ||||
| Spirit of hartshorn | Ammonia | NH3 | ||||
| Epsom salts | Magnesium sulfate | MgSO4 | ||||
| Quicklime | Calcium oxide | CaO | ||||
| Milk of magnesia | Magnesium hydroxide | Mg(OH)2 | ||||
| Red lead | Lead tetraoxide | Pb3O4 | ||||
| Blue vitriol | Copper sulfate | CuSO4 | ||||
| Green vitriol | Iron(II) sulfate | FeSO4 | ||||
| Bicarbonate of soda | Sodium bicarbonate | NaHCO3 | ||||
| Caustic soda | Sodium hydroxide | NaOH | ||||
| Spirits of salt | Hydrochloric acid | HCl | ||||
| Marsh gas | Methane | CH4 | ||||
| Carbonate of magnesia | Magnesium carbonate | MgCO3 | ||||
| Lunar caustic | Silver nitrate | AgNO3 | ||||
| Oil of wintergreen | Methyl salicylate | C8H8O3 | ||||
| Vitriol of Mars | Ferric sulfate | Fe2(SO4)3 | ||||
| Alkali salts | Sodium carbonate | Na2CO3 | ||||
| Aqua ammonia | Ammonium hydroxide | NH4OH | ||||
| Aqua regia | Mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids | HNO3 and HCl | ||||
| Calomel | Mercury(I) chloride | Hg2Cl2 | ||||
| Carbolic acid | Phenol | C6H5OH | ||||
| Chalk | Calcium carbonate | CaCO3 | ||||
| Galena | Lead sulfide | PbS | ||||
| Glauber’s salt | Sodium sulfate | Na2SO4 | ||||
| Horn silver | Silver chloride | AgCl | ||||
| Lead acetate | Lead(II) acetate | Pb(CH3COO)2 | ||||
| Lime | Calcium hydroxide | Ca(OH)2 | ||||
| Potash | Potassium carbonate | K2CO3 | ||||
| Salt peter | Potassium nitrate | KNO3 | ||||
| Spelter | Zinc | Zn | ||||
| Sugar of lead | Lead(II) acetate | Pb(CH3COO)2 | ||||
| Tartar emetic | Potassium antimonyl tartrate | K2C4H2O6Sb | ||||
| White lead | Lead(II) carbonate | PbCO3 | ||||
| Zinc vitriol | Zinc sulfate | ZnSO4 | ||||
| Borax | Sodium borate | Na2B4O7 | ||||
| Black lead | Graphite | C | ||||
| Calomel | Mercurous chloride | Hg2Cl2 | ||||
| Caustic potash | Potassium hydroxide | KOH | ||||
| Celestine | Strontium sulfate | SrSO4 | ||||
| Chameleon mineral | Potassium permanganate | KMnO4 | ||||
| Copper pyrites | Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 | ||||
| Ether | Diethyl ether | (C2H5)2O | ||||
| Gypsum | Calcium sulfate | CaSO4 | ||||
| Heavy spar | Barite | BaSO4 | ||||
| Marble | Calcium carbonate | CaCO3 | ||||
| Native soda | Sodium carbonate | Na2CO3 | ||||
| Nitre | Potassium nitrate | KNO3 | ||||
Submitted by :- Jamil Ahmed